Teaching English As A Second Language And Culture

Teaching Philosophy; Language Development, Diversity, Education and Culture 9 Teaching English as a Second Language and Culture A Bilingualism Study Ana Miranda Texas AM of Commerce Abstract This paper is primarily intended to present detailed examination about bilingualism and bilingual education from a teaching and student perspective. In first instance, I will deal with some of the definitions of these terms. Following this, I will introduce my interviewee and more information to complement this essay in the topics of learning English as a second language as well as how culture and other factors can affect the learning process of a student. I will also provide some of†¦show more content†¦This teacher grew up in Virginia and graduated from a Christian University with a major in Political Science. Her dream was to one day become an attorney, however she went back to school to get a teacher certificate in History and English. While getting certified she got offered a job as an ESL teacher, not because she was certified but because she could speak â€Å"some† Spanish. After 15 years she went back to school and got an ESL teacher certification. I asked her why did she went back to school again if she was certified to teach regular English classes to students who knew English very well, she said â€Å"I loved the students, the smaller classes†¦ and the mission of teaching those students English and about the American culture†(Interviewee). I believe that the following will explain why this person inspired me not only to learn English, but to go to college and to become a bilingual teacher myself. I asked her what her goal in teaching was, what does she want to achieve in her students? And this is what she replied; â€Å"I want their English proficiency, in reading, writing, listening and speaking to increase and progress. However to me it is much more important for them to know that they have great potential in life. I want to equip them with skills and wisdom thatShow MoreRelatedStudents Attitudes Towards The Teaching English Language Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesattitudes towards the teaching of English as FL alongside the home-culture, taking Islamic English vernacular as a case of study. To achieve the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was distributed to 1500 BA students in different universities all over different territories within Algeria. Basing on the results, students reveal positive attitudes towa rds the insertion of the Islamic English vernacular as a home-culture in EFL teaching. This may oppose the fore-known idea of teaching English through targetRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Varies Depending On The Cultures1579 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication varies depending on the cultures. Although students have a high level of proficiency, second language learners still find difficulties while being understood that cross-cultural differences appear in speaking their second language. This concern makes learners consider that pronunciation might be the cause of the misunderstanding. However, fluency and accuracy elements are very important for effective conversation, learners of English as a second language may find themselves in a difficultRead MoreCross Cultural Communication Varies Depending On The Cultures1571 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication varies depending on the cultures. Although students have a high level of proficiency, second language learners still find d ifficulties while being understood that cross-cultural differences appear in speaking their second language. This concern makes learners consider that pronunciation might be the cause of the misunderstanding. However, fluency and accuracy elements are very important for effective conversation, learners of English as a second language may find themselves in a difficultRead MoreThe English Language And How It Has Evolved Other Languages1060 Words   |  5 PagesThere are approximately 6,000 different languages spoken in the world today. Many of which will be considered the primary language and others are believed to disappear in the future and decrease the number of languages to 600. An article written by John H. McWhorter in The Wall Street Journal, â€Å"What the World Will Speak in 2115†, gives a good explanation of what is possibly going to happen in the near future for languages. Some of the main points of this article may give reasoning’s to why this mightRead Mor eLanguage Can Be Described As A Means Of Communication In1723 Words   |  7 PagesLanguage can be described as a means of communication in written or spoken form whereas literacy is reflective of a person’s efficiency in using language. The way language and literacy are taught in a classroom cast vastly differ due to the social and cultural factors influencing it. The essay is broken into 3 segments; the first is to explain the topic statement by Grugeon and Gardner, the second is to determine what are the socio and cultural implications affecting language and literacy, and thirdRead MoreWorld Englishes : Approaches, Issues, And Resources1596 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people view English as a global language. With more and more people speak English as a second and foreign language. English speakers play an important role in international business and economics. The data shows that there are over 350 million people speak English as their first language around the world. It also shows that more than 430 million people use English as their second language. As people develop knowledge of Standard English like British English and American English, they may not hearRead MoreEffective Instruction For English Learners1414 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Instruction for English Learners Calderon, Slavin and Sanchez (2011) in their article â€Å"Effective Instruction for English Learners† consider the problem of students who are non English speakers and come to live in the USA for several reasons such as immigrants. The U.S government requires every school that has more than 5 percent non-English speakers to provide these with specialized programs. The authors go to explain useful instructions for teaching students English Language. They also reviewRead MoreThe Factors That Necessitate And Influence The Teaching Of Culture851 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence the teaching of culture in EFL classrooms. Though the focus is on English language classes in China, I believe the core message can be applied to second language classes anywhere. The EFL community now acknowledges the importance of culture, however, it’s presence in the curriculum remains sparse for a number of reasons including â€Å"lack of time, uncertainty about which aspects of culture to tea ch, and the lack of practical techniques† (Mao, p. 144). Additionally, the majority of language proficiencyRead MoreLanguage Barrier: Bilingual Education vs. English Immersion Essay examples1246 Words   |  5 PagesBilingual teaching in American schools is it good, bad, or both? Who is right in this national debate? Both sides make some impressive arguments for their side of the issue. Even the government has mixed issues when it comes to bilingual teaching. However, the government has shown their views in their budgets and their law making. Another question comes up with the bilingual teaching is should America make English its official language? Some say there is no need for it, and yet 22 states asRead MoreContrastive Analysis1671 Words   |  7 Pagesof foreign language teaching is so complicated. The complexities are the outcome of the rise of the assumptions of so many theories, approaches, methods and hypotheses that dominated this field , especially beginning from1940s and up till now. Today there are innumerable assumptions for approaches and methods that relate to language learning and teaching. All of them claim to be the right approach for learning and teaching a language. In the midst of these situations, foreign language teachers find

Critical Thinking Of Society Today . . I Will Be Discussing

Critical Thinking of Society Today I will be discussing how External Validity, chapter 8, connects to the past election. In this chapter persuasion is discussed and in the past election nominees persuaded society to vote for them. Next I will discuss how Fundamentals of Attribution Error, chapter 5, relates to peoples behaviors and actions causing climate change and global warmimg. The last topic I will be discussing is how high school peer pressure relates to Pluralistic Ignorance in chapter 4. Persuasion When it comes to elections candidates will do anything within their will power to persuade societies views. Each party and their candidates will find loop holes to sabotage the candidate they are running up against.†¦show more content†¦These types of people attend to the logic and strength of arguments and evidence contained in the message. They bring information of their own such as images, memories, experiences, prior knowledge to evaluate the message and make it relevant. (Gilovich, Chen, Keltner) Trump used persuasion mechanisms such as bragging about how rich and successful he is, this intern creates a sense of authority for voters persuading them to think how powerful and driven he is which will be an imminent quality for a president to have the upper hand in the government. Since Hillary has political experience she persuades voters with the use of logical reasoning and political rhetoric. The article Psychology of Persuasion quotes Hillary as saying, â€Å"One looks to be hunkering down with homework, research and rehearsals, while the other [Donald Trump] seems to be taking an on-the-fly casual approach to what could be the most important 90 minutes of the presidential election.† Not only is Hillary able to take jabs at Trump she is using her previous political knowledge to persuade individuals to think Trump is inexperienced and should not waste the time of citizens who are looking for change in America. Attribution Scientists have attributed the extreme climate change to human behaviors and actions throughout the world. In the last century, the Earth’s surface air -temperature has risen around 1.3 + or -Show MoreRelatedThe Philosophy Of Philosophy1122 Words   |  5 Pagesrace, society, sexuality, violence, and the basic knowledge of what is considered right or wrong, to name a few. These topics are still relevant today. This leads to the basic question of whether philosophy from hundreds of years ago, are still relevant to today and the society of which we live? The answer, simply put is yes. It is still relevant because we still do question everything, we still wonder about topics that were discussed back then, and because philosophy is the basis of critical thinkingRead MoreThe On The Foundations Of Education940 Words   |  4 Pagessub-branches. I shall be discussing my opinions on based on the questions given that are responsive to the matter of equality in education and hidden cu rriculum. Question one distinctively asks about which philosophy is best befitting for student diversity, as in bilingual and multicultural education. To be frank, my first consideration to this question was the concept of critical thinking, categorized under Critical Theory. The reason for the choice was because critical thinking adequately coversRead MoreCritical Disposition Essays1078 Words   |  5 PagesIn my opinion critical disposition is to look at something from more than one angle. Be open to new idea’s and not accept the first theory or concept that you are told. Create your own way of thinking and not be the type to follow a crowd. Critical disposition – a tendency to be critical â€Å"A critical disposition is a tendency to self-reflect and change one’s views when required, a willingness to question orthodoxy and challenge ignorance and injustice, and an awareness of which approach is theRead MoreThe Learning Approaches Teacher s Students On The Path Of Developing Critical Thinking Skills765 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge and build critical thinking skills. The goal is for all students to develop these skills and when opportunity arises, transfer them into real-world situations. Today, there are many ways to engage and involve students in the social studies classroom. This essay will look at three learning approaches teacher’s use to put students on the path of developing critical thinking skills: project based learning, constructivism, and inquiry-based learning. In the process, I look to determine theRead MoreUsing Critical Thinking Skills For A Post College World1631 Words   |  7 Pagespost-college world because they view certain topics as taboo, hold on to their beliefs, and focus on punishment rather than education. Students will encounter different views and ideas in a post-college world requiring them to use critical thinking skills they polish in college. Students come to college with many different backgrounds hoping to gain many new experiences to help them be successful in the world. In the elementary field, there are many different skills teachers hoping to teachRead MoreOrganizational Dialogue And Inter Cultural Communication1279 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Communication is unquestionably one of the most critical skills to refine. Communicating effectively and clearly in your own environment and comfort zone is challenging enough, and even more critical and challenging in an exponentially different culture. In this age of cultural diversity and Globalization is being able to communicate in the face of cultural diversity plays a more important than ever. Today in this essay I try to elucidate how cross cultural differences in communicationRead MoreThe First Data Collection Method1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe first data collection method I will use in order to help answer questions regarding economic and environmental effects of organic farming and their implication for future sustainability is the ethnographic methodology. By utilizing previously published sources whose data collection was focused on participant observation will allow me to keep a lens focused on the actual people within these rural areas. It would be difficult to coll ect primary data within one school semester but being able toRead More Education Philosophy Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesSince I was a child, teaching is all I wanted to do. My mother is a fifth grade teacher. I have quite a few friends that are teachers. I have been fortunate to be influenced by some great teachers throughout my academic career. I love to be around kids and I like participating in the process of learning. I appreciate learning even today. I enjoy the learning process and hope to one day influence students in the future. I hope to one day become a high school social studies teacher. I enjoyRead MoreHow Corporate Greed Is Uniquely A Part Of A Public Administration970 Words   |  4 Pagesand interests you. I became a public administration student after many careers in multiple fields of management. These included retail, healthcare and currently, technology. I am very interested in organizational structure and management. The field of public administrat ion is all encompassing and goes hand in hand with organizational management studies. I do have an interest as well in local government. I grew up in a terrific, but non-political family and now that I am older, I realize that becomingRead MoreIntroduction. Cognitive And Contextual Perspectives Are890 Words   |  4 PagesVygotsky, and Urie Bronfenbrenner were the driving forces behind Contextual Perspective. Contextual perspective takes into account the environment surrounding children and how our relationships effect ones growth. Within this paper we will be discussing the different theories that Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bronfenbrenner believed that aided children with learning thought childhood and adolescence. Piaget Jean Piaget believed that our brains changed as we aged. These changes lead to a more complex

A Person Who Inspire Me the Most Free Essays

Songsnumber-onesinglesAndre Hill September 30, 2010 3rd period The person that inspires me most is my mom. The reason I say this is because she’s a strong black woman and she stands independently facing all odds. She inspires me to be the best I can be and to always give my all in whatever I’m doing. We will write a custom essay sample on A Person Who Inspire Me the Most or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whenever I need something, all I have to do is ask and I know if it’s possible, she’ll provide it. It’s always been like that with her and not with just me, but all of my brothers. I think the reason we may act uncivilized when dealing with authority is because we know we have a mother who’ll bail us out 9 times out of 10. If I didn’t have her, I would probably be a drop out because I wouldn’t have anyone in my ear telling me to get my grades up. My mom tells me what to do and she means just that. She has her flaws like every human does but they aren’t easy to spot in her. We’re not rich or close to it but from everything I have you wouldn’t be able to tell. I never go without anything I need or in a lot of cases, anything I want. I know she would give me her last dollar. For example†¦if my mom and I both wanted a candy bar and she only had two dollars on her, without a doubt she would buy it for me. She thinks of others before herself a lot and that could cause people to try to run over you but not with my mom. My mom is very smart and she pushes education to the max in my household. When I bring home bad grades I know it hurts her just as much as it hurts me, maybe a lot more actually. I always use manners and that’s because she tells me that education and respect will take me far in life. And that it would make people respect me. I want to be an RB singer when I grow up and my mom tells me I can be anything I want to be. I don’t know if she really believes that or if she’s just saying it because it sounds good, but I know that that’s the kind of motivation I need. If I don’t have any support from anyone else, I know I’ll have some from her. I can count on my mom for anything. If I was to fall from a plane I’m willing to bet any amount of money my mother would be there to catch me, not letting a strand of my hair touch the ground. I’m not Andre Hill September 30, 2010 3rd period saying that she’s a body builder or anything like that. I’m just trying to explain the love she has for me in words. Her love makes me want to be like her and to treat my kids in the future the way my mom treats me. I want to be able to give that type of love to everyone. If the world had that type of love there would be no tears falling or violence. I try to make the right decisions to satisfy my mom and myself. I don’t want to put her thru anything that would cause her to hurt. . I mean she’s wonderful and I wouldn’t trade her for anything or anyone in the world. I love my mom to death and she inspires me more than any celebrity or person in the past could ever do. Andre Hill How to cite A Person Who Inspire Me the Most, Papers

IT Management Issues for PayWave Technology - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIT Management Issues for PayWave Technology. Answer: Report Outlining the Business Operation Technology has revolutionized the way we live! It has a major impact on how we shop. Few years ago, technology was used in point-of-sale terminals through smartphone devices and cards. These technological changes are accepted by customers across the globe (Tschirley, 2007). However, the demand for something better and efficient is significantly high! Though technology has creeped into supermarkets, it is quite difficult to control crowds. Supermarkets are looking for better strategies that can help them manage crowds. This is where technologies like PayWave come into the picture. This is a sophisticated technology that helps supermarkets get rid of cash and work quickly. Definition of PayWave Technology By definition, PayWave technology is a quick and an effective replacement for cash (Financial Ombudsman Service, n.d.). Supermarkets can eliminate cash from their billing cycle. In fact, customers dont have to carry cash around. They can choose and buy products based on their PayWave balance. This technology depends on modern shopping gears (Leong et al., 2013). For example, special RFID readers must be installed in the customer trolleys. These readers should be able to detect products, its prices and quantity. The RFID reader must work in real-time. That means, it should be able to detect all items that are kept and removed from the trolley. Benefits in Using the PayWave Technology There are so many benefits in using the PayWave Technology.Supermarkets like Oz can speed-up the entire process (Financial Ombudsman Service, n.d.). This is a smart way of getting rid of queues especially at the checkpoints. That is because everything in the customer trolleys would be evaluated automatically. The customer doesnt have to wait in long billing queues. As they reach the entrance or exit of the supermarket, their items would be billed. All that the customer should do is, walk out of the store. This means the entire billing cycle has been eradicated. Customers with kids and elders will definitely benefit from this change. They are no longer expected to wait in long queues! They will not be tired and they can focus on better things (Leong et al., 2013). PayWave Technology gives customers better financial security. They will be able to shop within their financial limits. As mentioned previously, the items are evaluated on the go. As a customer chooses and loads their trolleys with goods, the final amount would be calculated. If a customer is running out of cash, they will receive an alarm. This alarm will help them transfer cash or remove items from the trolley. If you dont have a PayWave account, you dont have to worry about anything! Oz Supermarket has a front desk to help you with temporary cash deposits. With temporary cash deposits, you will receive a PayWave Card. Just like the standard PayWave Card, the temporary one can calculate the value of your purchase. If you have paid an extra amount at the front desk, it will be returned to you or recorded. All details of PayWave customers and their balances are stored in the cloud. This means, you can reuse your card anywhere that supports the PayWave technology. In case your temporar y card runs out of cash, you will receive an alarm while shopping. This is where you feed more cash into the card. A lot of technologists believe that PayWave Technology is an expensive investment for any supermarket. Well, Oz Supermarket should invest a considerable amount of money on RFID chips and PayWave cards (Lin et al., 2006). According to supermarket owners, these costs are negligible in front of busy customers. With quick checkout services, customers are more likely to visit their store. This would increase their turnaround and annual return on investment. Above all, RFID chips can be treated as one time investments. With more profits, Oz Supermarket is only likely to expand and make more money. That is why, PayWave Technology cannot be an overhead for the supermarket. On the other hand, customers will have more control over their shopping routines. People with quick shopping skills dont have to be stuck behind the slow ones. Quick shoppers can finish their tasks and reach home/office quickly. And, people with tight budgets dont have to wait till the final bill is generated. This technol ogy saves customers from making decisions in front of huge crowds. A study in local UK supermarkets revealed that customers feel annoyed and frustrated with customers at the top of queue return products or make decisions! With PayWave Technology, you will not be subject to such instances. A lot of customers benefit from the summary generated by PayWave. The summary gives a comprehensive insight of all products in the customers trolley (Leong et al., 2013). This is a detailed summary that describes the product, quantity and price. With this summary, customers can decide if a product is purchased incorrectly, is of the right quality and if it surpasses their budget. Also, customers can print this summary and take it home! The summary stations are located strategically. They are present throughout the store. That means, customers dont have to search or wait at a specific point for summaries. This is another way of reducing or getting rid of crowd. Another place where customers spend lots of time in a supermarket would be the parking lot! On an average, customers spend between 5 to 15 minutes in the stores car parking spaces. In order to cut down the amount of time a customer spends at the parking space, Oz supermarket should charge a fee. The fee can be customized to suit different times of the day. During non-peak periods, Oz supermarket should opt for lower parking rates. And, during peak hours, the car parking rate should be timed on a minute basis. Meanwhile, disabled people should receive free parking. This is a way of preventing disabled people from spending too many minutes in the stores car parks. Drawbacks of Making Technological Changes On the whole, PayWave Technology and few other store improvement plans will make Oz Supermarket quick and customer friendly. These are services that can attract more customers to the supermarket. However, customers should be educated of the changes and assisted in every possible way. Apart from this time consuming task, there are no drawbacks in adopting to the above mentioned technological changes. Improving Customer Service at Supermarkets Supermarkets like the Oz depend on customer support. Research claims that supermarket shopping is a type of self-service environment. For retailers like the Oz supermarket to be successful, they must build a strong relationship with all their potential and existing clients. They must track their customer levels of satisfaction. This is an important parameter that can help in minimizing dissatisfaction and complaints. It would help the supermarket come up with an effective service recovery strategy too. In this section, three different technologies are suggested to improve customer service. Cisco Voice over IP In this modern era, supermarket chains like the Oz have relied on networking technologies to enhance customer relationship and build business throughout its stores. Oz supermarket can make use of Ciscos voice over IP technology (Wallace, 2006). This is an innovation that can result in the following improvements. Sales associates at Oz supermarket will be able to engage in more face to face discussions with customers. If a customer requires information about products or services, the queries can be managed in real-time. Voice of IP technologies can save the money lost on analog based key systems. This networking solution can connect all stores and ensure a considerable amount of reliability and consistency. Customers will have a similar experience in all the stores. Meanwhile, the company can gather more information on customer queries and call center operations. This check would help the employees offer better phone prompts and greeting services to customers. Cisco Voice over IP tech nologies have a direct impact on employee productivity. Employees will have more time to focus on customer experiences. Sooner, customers at Oz supermarket will have the finest services around. Self Feedback Systems Self-checkout solutions are on the rise. However, there are very few solutions to obtain customer feedbacks. Most customers wish to give feedback on their supermarket experiences. With the introduction of PayWave Technologies, supermarkets need real time feedbacks. This is where self-feedback solutions come into the picture. This is an effective way of sharing customer opinions. Customers who value comfort and privacy are bound to use these self-feedback systems. The self-feedback system would be placed at the exit and entrance of the Oz supermarket. As the customer enters or leaves the store, they can place feedbacks. These channels are different from the conventional checkout units. That means, normal customers who dont want to give feedbacks can walk away from the other channels. Using the self-feedback system, customers can give reviews on goods. They can talk about the assistance offered by employees at the supermarket. Meanwhile, the feedback system can be used to discuss about their concerns or positives about PayWave technology. From the supermarkets point of view, the self-feedback system would be a direct interaction with customers and their thoughts (Lin et al., 2006). Supermarkets will be able to gather feedback from numerous customers. They dont have to invest time or money on questionnaires/surveys. Indeed, the self-feedback system is a smart way of gathering information from customers. However, customers should be advised to use the system. Using the self-feedback system is not an issue because there are guided instructions, voice prompts and screen animations to help them through. On special days, a customer satisfaction survey can be designed on the feedback systems. These feedbacks give a firm benchmark. Software Upgrades All customers look for customized experiences. They become bored and annoyed in homogenous environments. That is why the Oz supermarket should give customers a customized experience. The supermarket can invest on trolleys that greet customers and help them with suggestions. Customers should be allowed to keep track of a checklist. This checklist must help them buy everything and not forget anything. A common problem faced by many customers would be missing things. With the help of customizable trolleys and customer checklist facilities, this problem can be resolved. Likewise, Oz Supermarket can use the Beacon Technology to keep customers engaged (Silverman, 2014). With Beacon Technology, customers will be able to browse the aisles. This technology helps customers see all items in a particular row. For example, customers can check on the availability of certain products in each row. This is an interesting technology that saves lots of time for customers. Oz Supermarket should invest on a customer relationship management software. This software has to be installed in the supermarket (McFarlane, et al., 2003). There are several different types of CRM solutions in the market. This includes expensive enterprise-level solutions like InfusionSoft and affordable ones like Contactually. Based on the stores current budget, the right kind of solution should be bought. With CRM solutions, customer experiences can be managed. These solutions dont stop with customer data. Here is a simple example of how Oz Supermarket can use a CRM solution: If an elderly shopper has not visited the store recently, the CRM would generate an alert. The alert would help the supermarket chain reach out to their regular customer. The customer can come up with various responses. If the elderly customer is not feeling well, you can surprise them with a gift. If the elderly customer is shopping somewhere else, you can give him/her a coupon that is valid for a week. The gift/coupon will improve the bond between your supermarket and the customer. Sooner, the customer is likely to return to your store. CRM solutions are very useful in understanding customer responses and patterns. It is a smart way of monitoring the supermarket. The above mentioned solutions can improve customer experiences and the supermarkets services. These changes will generate positive results in the long run. The initial cost to implement these changes will be high. However, the supermarket will be able to experience a better return on investment too. When implemented correctly, more customers will be attracted towards the store. This way, the stores overall customer base can be improved. And, news about the supermarket would spread by word of mouth. This is one of the best ways to advertise the supermarket. References Tschirley, D. (2007). Supermarkets and Beyond: Literature Review on Farmer to Market Linkages in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Retrieved from https://www.cargillsceylon.com/AboutUs/Docs/FarmerToMarket-Gates-FINAL4.pdf [Accessed on 22nd Aug 2017] Financial Ombudsman Service (n.d.). Fact Sheet PayPass and payWave cards. Retrieved from https://www.fos.org.au/custom/files/docs/fact_sheet_paypass_and_paywave_cards.pdf [Accessed on 22nd Aug 2017] Leong, L., Hew, T., Tan, G. W., Ooi, K. (2013). Predicting the determinants of the NFC-enabled mobile credit card acceptance: A neural networks approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 40(14), 5604-5620. Silverman, A. (2014). The Emergence of Beacons in Retail. Retrieved from https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/378611/file-1646038597-pdf/Forrester_Beacons_Report.pdf?t=14183165507645 McFarlane, D., Sarma, S., Chirn, J., Wong, C.Y., Ashton, K. (2003). Auto ID systems and intelligent manufacturing control. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 16(4), 365-376 Lin, H.T., Lo, W.S., Chiang, C.L. (2006). Using RFID in supply chain management for customer service. In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 13771381. Lee, Y.M., Cheng, F., Leung, Y.T. (2004). Exploring the impact of RFID on supply Chain dynamics. In 2004 Winter Simulation Conference R .G. Ingalls, M. D. Rossetti, J. S. Smith, and B. A. Peters, eds., 11451152. Hou, J.L. Huang, C.H. (2006). Quantitative performance evaluation of RFID applications in the supply chain of the printing industry. Industrial Management Data Systems, 106(1), 96123. Verhoef, P.C., Venkatesan, R., McAlister, L. et al. (2010). CRM in Data-Rich Multichannel Retailing Environments: A Review and Future Research Directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 24(2), 121-137 Dholakia, U.M., Kahn, B.E., et al. (2010). Consumer Behavior in a Multichannel, Multimedia Retailing Environment. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 24(2). Tesser, A., Campbell, J. (1983). Self-definition and self-evaluation maintenance. In J. Suls A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the se4 (Vol. 2, pp. 131). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Swann, W. B. (1985). The self as architect of social reality. In B. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 100125). New York: McGraw-Hill Wallace, K. (2006). Cisco Voice over IP (CVoice) (Authorized Self-Study Guide) (2nd Edition) (Self-Study Guide). Cisco Press. Allee, V. A. (2002). A Value network approach for modeling and measuring intangibles. Transparent Enterprise, Madrid. Bolton, R. N. (1998). A dynamic model of the duration of the customer's relationship with a continuous service provider: The role of satisfaction. Marketing science, 17(1), 45-65.

Review of literature of aging free essay sample

Literature review of Age related constructs on Consumer Decision Making HealthDay News (2013) has reported an interesting research questions about Accumulated knowledge helped seniors outperform young adults when faced with economic choices by Randy Dotinga Health day reporter. In the report, Ye Li (2013) an assistant professor of management in the University of California, Riverside, and his new research suggested that: Seniors can be sharper than young adults at making financial decisions, mostly because they can tap into the wealth of knowledge they have accumulated over the ears. Still, the findings show that older people cannot process information quite as quickly, so it may take them longer to understand complex financial situations. Ye Li said that unlikely seniors not have any advantages then the young people when it comes to the financial decision making, for instance fguring out how to invest their 401 [k]s. (401(k) is a feature of a qualified profit-sharing plan that allows employees to contribute a portion of their wages to individual accounts, online definition of Retirement Plan). We will write a custom essay sample on Review of literature of aging or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is some fact for types of decision making among enior and young adults, therefore Ye Li pointed that the research is mixed: Older adults seem to be better at some types of decision-making and worse at others. We were better trying to understand when and why older people get better or worse at decision-making. Ye Li explained that people may assume like older people make more wrong decisions than the younger people, the reason behind is that brainpower declines with age. In the latest study, the researcher questions to 632 participants 332 aged 18-29 years and 300 aged 60-82 years old participants and whose answered online questions. According to the survey questions the participants answered math questions and vocabulary test and they also answered the question about some extent for willingness to take risks and understanding of financial problem such as debt and compound interests. In the result of this research, the researchers found out that the older people performed as well as or better than younger participants on all measured decision-making tasks. Moreover, their accumulated knowledge appeared to make up for their lack of being as quick at processing questions. From the overall consequence of this research Paul Zak, chairman of the Center for Neuroeconomics Studies at Claremont Graduate University, compliment for the research. And he said that: Overall, the findings are great news for all of us with gray hair, because they suggest that accum ulated wisdom piles up and more than counterbalances cognitive decline. However, the research is flawed because it surveys people only to age 82. As a result, the authors of this study havent really told us much about cognitive decline and decisions, only that most of us can likely no ou through our Moreover Paul Zak noted that This study has too few participants to have confidence or the 70-plus crowd, but other studies show slow declines, on average. In my view of this research people could assume that older people can make a good decision when it comes to a financial decisions because seniors have a many years of experience than younger adults, the result of the study it seems obvious for me. And also researcher only includes relatively few participants in this study besides they only surveyed constricted amount of participants. And I agree with Paul Zaks overall comment about this research because this study didnt prove or explain about cognitive declines between seniors. Citation: Yi L, Paul Zak Reference: Ye L, Ph. D. , assistant professor, management, University of California, Riverside; Paul Zak, Ph. D. , chairman and professor, economics, and founding director, Center for Neuroeconomics Studies, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, Calif. http:// consumer. ealthday. com/senior-citizen-information-31/misc-aging-news-10/study- suggests-aging-doesn-t-dull-decision-making-skills-680529. html [Accessed 01. 11. 2013] I continue my research about aging and I found out some secondary data which is also addresses about the making intuitive decision for older people and oung people. This study shows very interesting conclusion and they proved that age doesnt necessarily affect decision making (2010). This study hypothesis that, Many people believe that getting older means losing a mental edge, leading to poor decision-making. But a new study from North Carolina State University shows that when it comes to making intuitive decisions using your gut instincts older adults fare as well as their Juniors. The researcher surveyed group of young adults aged 17-28 and older adults 60-86, and those groups of people who live in the community ot in a nursing home and to look at how the participants fared when making decision based on intuitive evaluation. For instance, researchers asked participants to choose from the overall positive attributes of listed apartments. Therefore under this circumstance, young and older adults were equally competent for making such decisions. However not every decisions can be made that way says Dr. Thomas Hess, a professor of psychology at NC State and co-author of the study. And he explained more about it as following: Some decisions require more active deliberation. For example, those decisions that requires people to distinguish pieces of information that are important from those that are unimportant to the decision at hand. And when it comes to more complex decision-making, older adults face more challenges than their younger counterparts. So forth he also explained about how people make intuitive decision and making such decisions are more relevant to their level ot education. He noted When it comes to making intuitive decisions, like choosing a dish to order from a menu, young and old are similar. Age differences are more likely to crop up when it omes to complex decision-making, such as choosing a health-care plan based on a complex array of information. But even then, it appears that any negative effects of aging will be more evident in those with lower levels of education. In addition he also says that the research result can change the way they present information to the older adults. And Tara Queen, a psychology

The Struggle For Individuality Essays - Existentialists, Free Essays

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Importance of Ethical Hacking

Importance of Ethical Hacking Chapter 1 Introduction Ethical hacking is an emerging tools used by most of the organizations for testing network security. The security risks and vulnerabilities in a network can be recognized with the help of ethical hacking. This research completely concentrates on ethical hacking, problems that may occur while hacking process is in progress and various ethical hacking tools available for organizations. Information is the important source for any organizations while executing business operations. Organizations and government agencies have to adopt ethical hacking tools in order secure important documents and sensitive information (Harold F. Tipton and Micki Krause, 2004). Ethical hacker professionals have to be hired in order to test the networks effectively. Ethical hackers perform security measure on behalf of the organization owners. In order to bring out the ethical hacking efforts perfectly a proper plan must be executed. Ethical hacking has the ability to suggest proper security tools that can avo id attacks on the networks. Hacking tools can be used for email systems, data bases and voice over internet protocol applications in order to make communications securely. Ethical hacking can also be known as penetration testing which can be used for networks, applications and operating systems (Jeff Forristal and Julie Traxler, 2001). Using hacking tools is a best method for identifying the attacks before it effect the entire organization. Ethical hackers are nothing but authorized users for the sensitive information or networks of an organization. Using hacking techniques for handling employees in organization and for solving critical judicial cases is not a crime. An ethical hacker use same tools and actions as performed by normal hacker. The main aspect in ethical hacking is that target permission is essential for performing hacking on the information. Ethical hacking can be used while performing security audits in the organization (Kevin Beaver, 2010). Thus, ethical hacking can help in testing the networks by finding out various vulnerabilities. In ethical hacking, a user will get permission to access the important data. Aims and Objectives Aim To investigate the importance of ethical hacking and its implementation in organizations Objectives Finding the importance of ethical hacking tools Understanding the ethical hacking process Implementing ethical hacking tools in an organization Purpose of Study The main of this research is to recognize ethical hacking tools that can be used in organizations and government agencies. Testing the networks is essential in order to maintain security for the organizational information. The difficulties in networks have to be recognized by the security professional so that they can be solved before effecting the organization operations (James S. Tiller, 2005). This research also focuses on carrying out the ethical hacking tools in a particular organization. The advantages of using ethical hacking in business firms can be evaluated by this study. Ethical hacking tools can be implemented in various fields of applications. Various security professionals can be efficient in ethical hacking tools by undergoing a training process. Another major intension of this research is to identify the importance of ethical hacking professionals in providing security to the networks. (Nina Godbole, 2008). Thus, this research entirely focuses on ethical hacking tools which can be implemented for testing the networks. Research Context This research on ethical hacking can be very useful to many organizations as it can provide clear idea about hacking tools. Security professionals and normal users have to be trained well in order to use hacking tools. The importance of ethical hacking while solving many judicial cases can be identified with the help of this research. Management of an organization can be benefited largely through implementing hacking tools. Hacking tools implementation process can be understood with the help of this research (Ronald L. Krutz and Russell Dean Vines, 2007). Network security or data security engineers in organization will come to know about new ethical hacking methods and techniques that are available in the present market by concentrating on this research. The concepts in this study provide knowledge related to security improvements. Business users can hack the data in order to use it for the purpose of evaluating a correct process. Management has to take precautionary measures while a llowing the professional to hack ethically because data may be misused (Rajat Khare, 2006). Scholars who concerned with information security can take the help of this study for attaining the knowledge on hacking systems. Many organizations are encouraging ethical hacking professionals in order to control their business operations effectively. Email systems, data bases and communication applications can avoid or identify attacks by adopting the hacking tools. Malicious attacks on the information or software can be prevented by implementing this research while using ethical hacking tools. The organizations that concerned with security in networks have to use ethical hacking tools (Greg Meyer and Steven Casco, 2002). Hence from the above discussion it can be understood that, business firms, investigating agencies, government systems and web users can make use of this research to achieve the important information in authorized manner. Chapter 2: Literature Review Ethical Hacking and its importance The word hacking is defined as an illegal use of the others computer system or the network resources. Hacker is the term which is formerly meant for the skillful programmer. This is mostly found in the countries like United States and many other countries. The word hacker refers to the names of the persons who enjoys the work in learning the details of the computer systems and stretch the capabilities from the system (Rajat Khare, 2006). The system of hacking describes the fast improvement in the new programs that make the codes for the providing a better security to the system with more efficiency. The word cracker also belongs to the same field it make use of the hacking skills for the unlawful purposes like email id, intruding into others system. Hacking is of different types such as back door hacking, viruses and worms, Trojan horses, Denial of Services, anarchists, crackers, kiddies and ethical hacking (Kevin Beaver, 2010). In the types of hacking system one of the most common h acking is ethical hacking. This is defined as the services that provides the securities for the customers networks, information assets and identifies the vulnerabilities to maintain the reputation of the corporate sectors before it exploit the company. This type of the hacking system provides the high securities to the customers methodologies and techniques to yield high qualities of infrastructures. The ethical hacking system includes some of the service like: Application Testing War Dialing Network Testing Wireless Security System Hardening Application Testing This is an uncover design or the logic flaws which result in the compromising with the unauthorized accessing of the systems, networks, applications or the information regarding the systems. This application testing is used for investigating and identifying the extent and the criticality of the problems exposure to the thick client (Java) and thin client (web browsers) applications. This application testing includes the services like client-side application testing and web application testings (Joel Scambray, Mike Shema and Caleb Sima, 2006). The client-side application testing is the process of developing the software that is used for the measuring the integrated security into the client software constituents. In this system this testing application is based on the gathering of the information by observer using the reverse engineering system. War Dialing This is one of the services that are provided by ethical hacking. War dialing is a method of dialing a modem number to identify open modem connection that supplies access in a remote way to a network for targeting a particular system (Kimberly Graves, 2007). This word is originated from the day the when the internet has come into the existence in most of the companies. This follows the method of scanning to find the strength of the network connection. The tools of War dialing work on the concept that organizations do not pay attention to dial-in ports like they do towards the firewalls. Network Testing The networking testing services of the ethical hacking provides the information on the exposures of the network, services, and solutions on the convergence, protocols and system devices including the virtual private network technologies. This testing process includes a number of constitutes in external and internal devices. It also analyzes the applications of the voice over Internet protocol within the environment of the organization (Greg Meyer and Steven Casco, 2002). The main goal of the network testing application is to make obvious demonstration of the political effects on its development. By making use of this application into the organization, it provides a complete enlightenment to the work for determining the result in the organization. Wireless Security Wireless security services measures the security in the available architecture to provide a guidelines to ensure the system integrity and accessibility of the resources. The working of wireless security is based on the three phases. In the first phase of the operation it identifies the activeness of the wireless networks (Cyrus Peikari and Seth Fogie, 2003). The team of the ethical hacking demonstrates the exposure to the attackers with the space in the wireless network. In the seconds phase of this system it implements a normal users to evaluate the measures of the security that secures the infrastructures of the organization to control the accessing of the devices. During the third phase the team will try to utilize the discovered threats to gain access on other networks. This provides the security in wireless local area network, virtual private network, intrusion detection system and wireless public key infrastructure. System Hardening The system hardening stresses on the network vicinity. Security is the prime factor that determines the level of integrity of the information and resources used in the computing. Effective deployment of the security controls unauthorized, accidental disruption if resources in information technology (Kevin Beaver and Peter T. Davis, 2005). The system hardening assessment is complemented in three phases. The ethical hacking team will analyze the network to identify the loop holes in security updates and other frequent security defects. Scanning of the remote access devices is done for finding out the vulnerabilities. The configuration vulnerabilities and missing security updates are determined in the initial phase. In the second step the host operating system is examined to determine the services available for remote users and their level of impact. All the TCP/IP services and also the Telnet, FTP, Send-mail, DNS and others are tested (James S. Tiller, 2005). The packet fragmenting and loose source routing are used in an attempt to bypass filtering routers and firewalls. The last phase is complicated as the team uses the information gathered from the first two steps to mine the weaknesses and threats that were identified to gain access to the host system. Before the start of the three steps the boundaries for actions and events are determined. Hence from the above context it can be stated that ethical hacking is a methodology that is used for gathering the information on the hacker. The ethical hacker is the expert who is hired by an organization to solve the problems related to hacking in their network and computer system. Need for Ethical Hacking The process of employing someone to hack ones company is ethical hacking. Ethical hacking is one of the tools that are used to judge the security programs of the organizations. It is also referred as penetrating testing, red teaming, intrusion testing, vulnerability and even security judgments. Each one these has different meanings in different countries. Hacking is also described as new development of the existing programs, software and code. It makes them better and more efficient (James S. Tiller, 2005). Ethical hacker can know the details of computer while hacking and become the security professional. It involves in foot-printing, scanning, tacking all the secured information. Ethical means a philosophy with morality. Hackers hack systems to detect dangerous, unauthorized access and misuse (Shon Harris, Allen Harper, Chris Eagle and Jonathan Ness, 2007). Threat and vulnerability are the two dangers the hacker has to face. The hacking report must be confidential as it should face the organizations security risks. If this goes wrong in any way the organization results in fatal, penalties and loss. For example: computer crime is done by misuse of their hacking skills. The need to hack is for catching the thief. Ethical hacking is the correct method to make your computers work properly (Kevin Beaver, 2010). Ethical hacker needs higher level skills compared to penetration testing. Penetration testing is same as ethical hacking but the hacker uses the penetrating tools and tests the security danger. Ethical hacking is known as White Hat in some of the literature. It tests both the security and protective issues whereas penetrating test mainly leads with the security issues (Asoke K. Talukder and Manish Chaitanya, 2008). Some of the websites and companies offer the training, but they cannot be created they are self-made. Various types of testing need different types of softwares and tools. Game freaks use hacking technology in order to win the game. Hackers will d iscover many ways to hack like trial and error method, operating systems, online and determining the threats. Ethical hacking is done by hackers on behalf of the owners, and in normal hacking they use their skills for personal use (Debra Littlejohn Shinder and Micheal Cross, 2008). Cyber terrorism includes common hacking techniques such like viruses, email bombs and natural disasters. Thus ethical hacking is done by hackers on owners request. Mainly this is seen in corporate companies and organizations. Ethical hacking techniques are used for game cheat codes, hacking accounts and other for good result. Majorly used for fight against cyber terrorism and to take preventive action on hackers Types of ethical hackings Ethical hackers use various methods for breaking the security system in the organizations in the period of cyber attack. Various types of ethical hacks are: Remote Network: This process in especially utilized to recognize the attacks that are causing among the internet. Usually the ethical hacker always tries to identify the default and proxy information in the networks some of then are firewalls, proxy etc. Remote dial up network: Remote dial up network hack identify and try to protest from the attack that is causing among the client modern pool. For finding the open system the organizations will make use of the method called war dialing for the representative dialing. Open system is one of the examples for this type of attacks. Local Network: local network hack is the process which is used to access the illegal information by making use of someone with physical access gaining through the local network. To start on this procedure the ethical hacker should ready to access the local network directly. Stolen Equipment: By making use of the stolen equipment hack it is easy to identify the information of the thefts such as the laptops etc. the information secured by the owner of the laptop can be identified (Kimberly graves, 2007). Information like username, password and the security settings that are in the equipment are encoded by stealing the laptop. Social engineering: A social engineering attack is the process which is used to check the reliability of the organization; this can be done by making use of the telecommunication or face to face communication by collecting the data which can be used in the attacks (Bryan Foss and Merlin Stone, 2002). This method is especially utilized to know the security information that is used in the organizations. Physical Entry: This Physical entry organization is used in the organizations to control the attacks that are obtained through the physical premises (Ronald l. Krutz and russel dean Vines, 2007). By using the physical entire the ethical hacker can increase and can produce virus and other Trojans directly onto the network. Application network: the logic flaws present in the applications may result to the illegal access of the network and even in the application and the information that is provided in the applications. Network testing: In this process it mainly observes the unsafe data that is present in the internal and the external network, not only in the particular network also in the devices and including the virtual private network technologies Wireless network testing: In this process the wireless network reduces the network liability to the attacker by using the radio access to the given wireless network space. Code review: This process will observe the source code which is in the part of the verification system and will recognize the strengths and the weakness of the modules that are in the software. War dialing: it simply identifies the default information that is observed in the modem which is very dangerous to the corporate organizations. Techniques and tools required for ethical hacking Ethical hacker needs to understand how to find the network range and subnet mask of the target system. IP addresses are used to locate, scan and connect the target systems. Ethical hacker also should find out the geographical location of target system. This can be done by tracing the messages that are sent to destination and the tools used are traceroute, Visual route and NeoTrace to identify the route the target (Kimberly Graves, 2007). Ethical hacking should use right tools or else task accomplishment of task effectively is difficult. Many security assessment tools will produce false positive and negative or may they even miss susceptibility to attacks. In case of tests in case of physical security assessments they miss weakness. In order for ethical hacking specific tools have to be used for the task chosen. The easier the ethical hacking will become if many tools are used. The right tool must be used at right place. The characteristics in tools for ethical hacking is it should ha ve sufficient document, detailed reports should be there on the discovered attacks regarding their fixing and explosion, Updates and support. The general tools used for ethical hacking in case to find passwords are cracking tools such as LC4, John the Ripper and pwdump (Bragg, Mark Phodes Ousley and Keith Strassberg, 2004). The general tools like port scanner like SuperScan cannot be used to crack passwords. The Web-assessment tools such as Whisker or WebInspect tools are used for analysis of Web applications in depth. Whereas network analyzer tools such as ethereal cannot give good results. While using the tools for any particular task it is better to get feedback from the simple Google searches such as SecurityFocus.com, SearchSecurity.com and Itsecurity.com will give nice feedback from the other security experts which makes ethical hacking easy and to select the right tool. Some of the commercial, freeware and open source security tools are Nmap (Network Mapper), Etherpeek, Super Scan, QualysGuard, WebInspect and LC4, LANguard Network Security Scanner, Network Stumbler and ToneLoc. The capabilities of many security and hacking tools are often misunderstood, such as SATAN (Security Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks) and Nmap. The other popular tools used in ethical hacking are Internet scanner, Ethreal, Nessus, Nikto, Kismet and THC-Scan (Kevin Beaver, 2007). Cain and able is a ethical tool used for recovery of windows UNIX problems. This is only password recovery tool handles an enormous variety of tasks. It can recover the password by sniffing the network, cracking the encrypted passwords using Dictionary and Cryptanalysis, recording VoIP conversations, decoding scrambled passwords, revealing the password boxes, uncovering cached passwords and analyzing routing protocols. Ethereal is a fantastic open source tool used as network protocol for UNIX and Windows. It allows examining the data which is present in disk or file and can capture the data. This is also known as Wire shark. It has many powerful features which have very rich display filter language and ability to view the TCP session. Another cracking tool Aircrack is the fastest available cracking tool (John Hyuk Park, Hsiao-Hwa Chen and Mohammed Atiquzzaman, 2009). Thus proper tools and techniques has to be used for better hacking and it will be easier by using more and more tools required. Hacking operating system Linux is the operating system which is most useful software that supports and will be helpful to identify the passwords and uses in detecting interruption there are many software tools are utilized for the hacking and security tools are used for the Linux. The tools which are using in this are not harmful tools this is especially used to protect. John the ripper: John the ripper is nothing but password hacking software technique which is usually used to develop for the UNIX operating system. This the most significant process which is used for password testing as it joins all password crackers into single package and the auto detects password hash types which involves the customizable cracker (Ryan, David R. Mirza Ahmad, 2002). It can be run among the different encrypted password methods which involves various crypt password hash forms where usually found on the different UNIX operating systems that is based on the DES, MD5 etc, Kerberos AFS and windows like XP, 200etc.Generally passwords are placed in the LDAP and other tools. Various types of components are used to expand the capability and for involving the MD4 related password hashes. The other one is the NMAP; Nmap is the used to protect the network. It is especially used to identify the network related services on the computer network by generating the map of the network . Nmap is having the ability to identify the services on the computer network instead of this it never advertises its service detection protocol (James turnbull, 2005). However the Nmap can collect many details regarding the remote computers. This will involve the operating system, and uptimes etc are the software products that are used to execute the service, and are used to involve on the local area networks and also on the dealer of the remote network card. Nmap can be run on the linux. Linux is the most important operating system and the windows are the second most important operating system. The other operating system used is Nessus, this software is used to scan the virus. The main aim of this software is used to identify the virus on the tested system such as; the virus will permit the data on to the network (Mark Carey, Russ Rogers, Paul Criscuolo and mike Petruzzi, 2008). Default passwords are utilized on the network accounts. This software is also called as the external to ol which is used to launch the attack. By making use of the mangled packets rejection of the service among the TCP/IP can be done. Nessus the best software used to scan the virus. Many organizations through out the world are using this software. The check Rootkit is the normal program which helps the administrator to check their system for the known rootkits ( James Turnbull, 2005). This program is the shell script by using the LINUX tools similar to the strings and the grep commands to seek out to carry out the core programs for the signatures with the executed process status command to look for inconsistency. This program alternatively use own commands to run. This tool will permit check rootkit to get confident the commands upon which it depend a bit more. Applications and resources Ethical hacking is nothing but the one which performs the hacks as security tests for their systems. Ethical hacking can be used in many applications in case of web applications which are often beaten down. This generally includes Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) applications are most frequently attacked because most of the firewalls and other security are things has complete access to these programs from the Internet. Malicious software includes viruses and Trojan horses which take down the system. Spam is a junk e-mail which causes violent and needless disturbance on system and storage space and carry the virus, so ethical hacking helps to reveal such attacks against in computer systems and provides the security of the system. The main application of this is to provide the security on wireless infrastructure which is the main purpose of present business organization (BT, 2008). Ethical hacking has become main stream in organizations which are wishing to test their intellectual and technical courage against the underworld. Ethical hacking plays important role in providing security. Resources are the computer related services that performs the tasks on behalf of user. In Ethical hacking the resources are the core services, objects code etc (James Tiller S, 2005). The ethical hacking has advantages of gaining access to an organizations network and information systems. This provides the security in the area of Information technology called as Infosec. This provides security to the high level attacks such as viruses and traffic trough a firewall. This has been providing the security for various applications which are even bypassing the firewalls, Intrusion-detection systems and antivirus software. This includes hacking specific applications including coverage of e-mails systems, instant messaging and VOIP (voice over IP). The resources i.e. devices, systems, and applications that are generally used while performing the ha cking process are Routers, Firewalls, Network infrastructure as a whole, wireless access points and bridges, web application and database servers, E-mail and file servers, workstations, laptops and tablet PCs, Mobile devices, client and server operating systems, client and server applications (Kevin Beaver, 2007). Ethical hacking tests both the safety and the security issues of the programs (Ashoke Talukder K and Manish Chaitanya, 2008). Hence from the above context it can be stated as the ethical hacking is important in the present scenario as providing security is very important now a day. This is very important in web applications as the hacking can be easily done in this case. Problems Ethical hacking is the backbone of network security. The basic problems with this is trustworthiness of the Ethical hacker because lets take an example if a person has been appointed to do Ethical hacking, to provide security for the bank financial issues if the person is not trust to believe this is not safe as the person only considered as thief. Sometimes the big organizations face any problem like there passwords has been hack, this case hiring professionals is very expensive and the organization need to spend a lot on this (Ethical Hacking, 2009). Ethical hacking is just the security to the problem it is not the ultimate solution to it. Ethical hacking report must be kept confidential because they highlight the organizations security risks and attacks. If this document has been falls into the wrong hand the result would be very disastrous for the organization, the main drawback here is the entire information of the organization will be in hands of wrong person and which leads to the loss of the company (Kimberly Graves, 2007). Ethical hacking generally involves breaking down the computer applications and by collecting specific information from the target the ethical hacker can successful to access the information and can reveal it. This results in that highly sensitive information about the targets security capabilities is collected and maintained far away from the owners control. If this information fall into wrong hands results in real attack on the company and another problem is if the information is leaked to the public or stockholders, the business will be in risk, which results in all types of disasters, including negative character by media, loss of customers and legal consequences (James Tiller S, 2005). Ethical hacking use tools while it performing the activity, if the methods and tools are used incorrectly they cause damage (Dr. Bruce Hartly V, 2003). Hence from the above context it can be stated as Ethical hacking provides security but behind th at it provides the disadvantages like the Ethical hacker should be trusted by the organization or business and in case sometimes highly professionals may cost the organization very much so that company has to provide from the unplanned budget and if it goes into the wrong persons hand the business will be in danger and loss of the organization will takes place. Chapter 3: Research Methodology of Hacking Data types: Data type is defined as the format of a data storage which is used to store different set of values. It tells about which type of data to be stored and where to be stored. Data is stored in computer memory. There are two types of data. They are primary data and secondary data. Both primary and secondary data illustrates the gathering of information and to satisfy the goals of business. Primary data is nothing but it is the data which is collected newly and for the first time. The primary data is original. It is the fresh data and is never gathered before. Secondary data is the data which is collected by others (Norman Blaikie, 2009). The data is collected from newspapers, magazines and journals. Secondary data is gathered before primary data since it is time consuming. Data is gathered newly in case of primary data so it takes much time. Secondary data consumes less time. Primary data is used in ethical hacking since the data gathered in this type of data is very efficient. Ethical h acking is used legally for the official purposes. Since primary data is unique and is not compared with any one, it is used in the process of ethical hacking (Rajat Khare, 2006) Hence from the above context it can be said that data types are useful in the ethical hacking. Case study: According to media and people the word hacking denotes misuse and collapse of computers. They describe it as unfair method of solving the problem. In the view of ethical hackers the word hacking refers to creative. One of the organization namely Amazon, it is not proposed to point out the lesser features but deals with tricks for working the company efficiently. Hackers and developers will create new characteristics for Amazon. They bring out the creative thinking and innovative ideas by their work in company (Paul Bausch, 2003). Mainly the ethical hacking is the good way to improve the existing methods and qualities. Many organizations follow these because one can know the administrative password of employees, can reach the behaviour of them and working performance. Employee performance and his project carryout can be studied through ethical hacking. These hackings look easy for them since they are engaged with the security firms to protect the Amazon fields. Not only in Amazon in e ach and every org

A Day at Work Essay -- Dialogue in Narrative Essays

A piercing sound grew louder as I slowly gained consciousness. Realising where it was coming from, I glanced at the stupid phone responsible for awakening me. Who the hell was phoning me at this time in the morning? Picking up the ringing object, I glanced at the clock hanging on the cream wall. 8:40am. Shit, I was late. Work started at 9am. I sighed. Whoever was making me even later better have a damn good reason. I hit the answer button. "Yo." I mumbled into the speaker. I recognised my step-mother's annoyingly highpitched voice screeching through the phone. "Robert James! That is no way to answer the phone! Next time I expect to be hearing a nice, 'hello, Robert speaking', none of this 'ya' nonsense-" By this stage I had placed the phone next to my half-finished bio report on the desk. I had no intention of listening to her lecturing. She could try what she wanted, but she'd never replace my mum like she desperately seemed to be trying to accomplish. I was nineteen anyway, not much she could do. She couldn't even say 'yo' without sounding like a retard. Hell, she didn't even take the time to notice that noone called me by my full name. I was known as Rob to practically everyone apart from her. Fully clothed in my wrinkled uniform, I grabbed the phone, rushing for the door. "Later's Ax!" I called over my shoulder to my roommate Axel, not giving a shit if he heard me or not. I was already running late. "I'll be back after work." I said, slamming the door behind me. As I rushed down the dull dormitry halls of Greenville college, I wearily raised the phone back up to my ear. Not surprisingly, the screech-master was still at it. Before she could continue further on whatever the hell she was on about, I interrupted. "Du... ...es. Realising I had zoned out again, stopped in the middle of the shop, whilst balancing 5 coffees on a tray, I looked over to see some customers glaring impatiently at me. Sheesh, calm your farms, it's only coffee. Not wishing to get any closer to those stuck up looking customers, I swivelled around again and headed straight back to the kitchen. I threw the orders back on the bench and slapped Cade round the shoulder, "Tell the boss I'm sick won't ya? " He looked at me doubtfully. "Cough, cough?" I half heartedly faked illness. "Whatever dude, " He eventually gave in, "But you know, you owe me now, right?" "Anything you want mate." I honestly would have agreed to anything. At that moment I just needed to get out of that place. As soon as I got back to the dorms, I was planning on grabbing Axel and going on one of our not so legal adventures together. A Day at Work Essay -- Dialogue in Narrative Essays A piercing sound grew louder as I slowly gained consciousness. Realising where it was coming from, I glanced at the stupid phone responsible for awakening me. Who the hell was phoning me at this time in the morning? Picking up the ringing object, I glanced at the clock hanging on the cream wall. 8:40am. Shit, I was late. Work started at 9am. I sighed. Whoever was making me even later better have a damn good reason. I hit the answer button. "Yo." I mumbled into the speaker. I recognised my step-mother's annoyingly highpitched voice screeching through the phone. "Robert James! That is no way to answer the phone! Next time I expect to be hearing a nice, 'hello, Robert speaking', none of this 'ya' nonsense-" By this stage I had placed the phone next to my half-finished bio report on the desk. I had no intention of listening to her lecturing. She could try what she wanted, but she'd never replace my mum like she desperately seemed to be trying to accomplish. I was nineteen anyway, not much she could do. She couldn't even say 'yo' without sounding like a retard. Hell, she didn't even take the time to notice that noone called me by my full name. I was known as Rob to practically everyone apart from her. Fully clothed in my wrinkled uniform, I grabbed the phone, rushing for the door. "Later's Ax!" I called over my shoulder to my roommate Axel, not giving a shit if he heard me or not. I was already running late. "I'll be back after work." I said, slamming the door behind me. As I rushed down the dull dormitry halls of Greenville college, I wearily raised the phone back up to my ear. Not surprisingly, the screech-master was still at it. Before she could continue further on whatever the hell she was on about, I interrupted. "Du... ...es. Realising I had zoned out again, stopped in the middle of the shop, whilst balancing 5 coffees on a tray, I looked over to see some customers glaring impatiently at me. Sheesh, calm your farms, it's only coffee. Not wishing to get any closer to those stuck up looking customers, I swivelled around again and headed straight back to the kitchen. I threw the orders back on the bench and slapped Cade round the shoulder, "Tell the boss I'm sick won't ya? " He looked at me doubtfully. "Cough, cough?" I half heartedly faked illness. "Whatever dude, " He eventually gave in, "But you know, you owe me now, right?" "Anything you want mate." I honestly would have agreed to anything. At that moment I just needed to get out of that place. As soon as I got back to the dorms, I was planning on grabbing Axel and going on one of our not so legal adventures together.